In line with the Policy on Pre-Publication Listing of Accepted Manuscripts, part of the editorial reforms adopted on 01 August 2025, here is the list of papers which have been accepted for publication and will appear in future issues of the journal after being typeset and copyedited.
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Manuscript ID 3503 |
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Axenic leaf-derived callus induction of Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. using combined 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzylaminopurine |
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Nurul Jadid, Prameswari Ayunda Safitri, Anisa Esti Rahayu, Ira Puspitaningtyas, Muhammad Rifqi Nur Ramadani |
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Abstract Background: Gynura pseudochina is a promising herbal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It contains many secondary metabolite compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, essential oils, and alkaloids. In vitro culture offers an efficient method for mass and rapid propagation of G. pseudochina. Callus induction is alternatively used to generate in vitro shoot proliferation and production of bioactive compounds. Previous study have reported that combined 2,4-Dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) can effectively induce callus. However, the effect of this combination on G. pseudochina in vitro culture is still limited. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of auxin and cytokinin combination (2,4-D and BAP) on G. pseudochina callus formation in vitro. Methods: Axenic nodal segments from G. pseudochina were used as explants and placed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enriched with different 2,4-D and BAP combination for 60 days of culture. Subsequently, callogenic responses, callus emergence time, callus fresh weight and morphology were observed Results: We observed that 2,4-D was vital to induce callus formation. All axenic leaves were able to undergo callogenesis in all concentrations of 2,4-D. The equal level of 2,4-D and BAP at 0.5 mg/L resulted in callus induction, which exhibited early callus emergence time (12 days after culture) and average fresh weight of 1.12 g. Meanwhile, calli obtained in this study were compact and friable with green, greenish-yellow and brown colors. Conclusion: Our research demonstrates the effectiveness of combining 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) in inducing callus formation in Gynura pseudochina through in vitro culture. This study underscores the critical role of 2,4-D in promoting callogenesis, with the optimal callus formation achieved using a combination of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and BAP. |
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Manuscript ID 3608 |
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Antihyperglycemic Potency of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Ethanolic Extracts in Diabetic Mice Induced by Multiple Low Dose Streptozotocin |
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Pande Ayu Naya Kasih Permatananda, I Wayan Sumardika, I Wayan Putu Sutirta Yasa, Made Ratna Saraswati, I Gede Suranaya Pandit, Sri Masyeni |
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Abstract Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most challenging health problems today. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose concentrations due to impaired insulin production, function, or both. The standard treatment of diabetic is unable to control blood sugar and stop the oxidative stress process in diabetic. This research aims to investigate the antihyperglycemic potency of Tulsi, the sacred plants of Ayurvedic, in diabetic mice induced by multiple low dose streptozotocin. Methods: We used eighteen male, healthy, white Swiss mice, aged 2-3 months, with 20-30 grams body weight to be included in this procedure, then, induced by low dose streptozotocin 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 5 days to make them become diabetic mice (fasting blood glucose level more than 150 mg/dL). Eighteen diabetic mice divided into three groups as follows: control group didn’t receive any treatment, to treatment groups that received Tulsi ethanolic extract 56 mg/kg and 112 mg/kg orally for 14 days. Paired t-test were used to analyze the difference of blood glucose level before and after treatment and One-way Anova were used to analyze the difference of blood glucose level between groups. Results: Multiple low dose streptozotocin were successfully increased blood glucose level of all mice without any died during the procedure. Administration of tulsi extract at doses of 56 mg/kg and 112 mg/kg succeeded in significantly reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice (P value <0.05). Among the 3 groups, the lowest blood glucose level after treatment was in the group of mice that received Tulsi ethanolic extract at a dose of 112 mg/kg. The difference in blood glucose level values after this treatment was significant according to the One Way Anova test (P value <0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the ethanolic extract of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), when administered at doses of 56 mg/kg and 112 mg/kg, significantly lowers blood glucose levels in mice with STZ-induced diabetes. This antihyperglycemic activity is likely due to the antioxidant properties of the various active compounds in Tulsi. These findings support the development of Tulsi as a natural alternative pharmacotherapy in managing diabetes mellitus. |
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Manuscript ID 3673 |
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Probiotics and Human Health: Exploring the Interconnection with Host Microbiota |
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Amankeldi Sadanov, Baiken Baimakhanova, Irina Ratnikova, Vladimir Berezin, Olga Lakh, Saltanat Orazymbet, Andrey Bogoyavlenskiy, Erik Shorabaev, Gul Baimakhanova, Zere Turlybaeva, Alma Amangeldi, Anel Omirbekova, Aigerim |
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Abstract The article examines the impact of probiotics on human health, with a particular emphasis on their interaction with the host's microbiota. Methods. The review begins with an extensive search of literature in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to gather studies on the effects of probiotics on the composition of the microbiome, immune response, and metabolic functions. The authors emphasize that the human microbiota, which consists of various microorganisms, plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, supporting the immune system, and regulating metabolic health. Studies show that probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, contribute to gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria, regulating the immune response, and inhibiting pathogen growth. According to research, probiotics can be an effective adjunct treatment for conditions associated with microbiota imbalance. They may offer benefits for neurological, metabolic, and immune health. |
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Manuscript ID 3808 |
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Curcumin targets Enterococcus faecalis virulence via inhibiting enterococcal surface protein, offering a possible treatment for endodontic diseases |
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Nezar Boreak, Abdullah S Almuqbil, Wejdan Hakami, Saad Alshahrani, Aisha Alshehri, Aishah haqawi, Noha Kh Mokli, Dimah Salem Saleh, Nardeen Hakami, Lamis Muthaffar, Alhussain Ahmad Thubab |
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Abstract Background: The current study investigates the effect of curcumin on Enterococcal Surface Protein (ESP) in Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), a major pathogen in endodontic and post-endodontic infections. Methods: Using molecular docking, curcumin demonstrated good binding affinity (-11.06 kcal/mol) with ESP, supported by HBPlot analysis and SeamDock validation (-10.5 kcal/mol). Curcumin's deep binding within ESP's cavity suggests its potential to disrupt E. faecalis colonization and biofilm formation, offering a novel therapeutic strategy. Results: ADMET predictions revealed favourable pharmacokinetic properties, including high intestinal absorption (82.19%) and no hepatotoxicity, positioning curcumin as a safe and effective candidate. PASS analysis highlighted curcumin's diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, & enzyme inhibitory effects, aligning with its therapeutic potential. SwissTargetPrediction further identified potential protein targets, including transcription factors and kinases, broadening its applicability. Concentration- and time-dependent assays confirmed curcumin's non-toxic nature toward normal HEK293 cells, highlighting its safety profile. Conclusion: In conclusion, these findings collectively demonstrate curcumin's potential as a therapeutic agent for endodontic diseases, manipulating its ability to target E. faecalis virulence while addressing inflammation and oxidative stress. |
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Manuscript ID 3699 |
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Does Dapagliflozin ameliorate kidney function in Saudi type II diabetic patients with chronic kidney diseases? |
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Wesam Abdel-Razaq, Mahmoud Mansour, Tariq M. Aldebasi, Sham Alenazi, Ghada Al-Sanoni, Sarah Alwaily, Abeer Alzubaidi, Yousef Al-Rajhi, Abdullkarem M. Albekairy |
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Abstract Background: In recent years, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become increasingly prevalent and is associated with numerous cardiovascular and renal complications. Various drug classes are utilized for treating and preventing complications in patients with T2DM. Dapagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, has recently been approved for treating chronic kidney disease (CKD), whether or not DM is present. This study evaluates dapagliflozin effectiveness in managing T2DM patients with CKD. Methods: Adult diabetic patients with CKD who received 10 mg of dapagliflozin once daily for 12 months were compared with another group on a glucose-lowering regimen without dapagliflozin. Data of HbA1C and kidney function tests, including eGFR, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, potassium, calcium, and albumin levels were retrieved before starting dapagliflozin treatment and then every three months for a total of 12 months. Results: 159 diabetic patients with varying CKD stages received a glucose-lowering regimen. Group I (n=84) included 51 males and 33 females who were administered dapagliflozin, while group II (n =75) comprised 35 males and 40 females who received different glucose-lowering regimens without dapagliflozin. Furthermore, during the 12-month study period, a higher proportion of patients in the dapagliflozin group were identified as having retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma (29.8%, 11.9%, and 4.8%, respectively). Conclusion: The present findings indicate that dapagliflozin did not demonstrate a significant renal protective effect during the first 12 months in this cohort. Further research is warranted to assess the long-term impact of dapagliflozin. |
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Manuscript ID 3667 |
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Prevalence and Risk of Hepatitis Infection in Infants Associated with Maternal Health History: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia |
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Faisal Faisal, Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono, Rino Alvani Gani, Ella Nurlaella Hadi |
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Abstract Background: Hepatitis is a significant public health concern in Indonesia, with the government prioritizing the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of antenatal care (ANC), pregnancy and parturition conditions, hepatitis B immunizations, and healthcare accessibility on the incidence of hepatitis among infants. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2018 Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) in Indonesia, examining 10,293 infants aged 6–12 months. Multivariate logistic regression was performed on a final sample of 7,434 cases with complete data. The sampling method used in this research is multistage cluster sampling, which is a common approach for large, nationally representative surveys such as Riskesdas. Results: Hepatitis was identified in 0.5% of infants. Significant associations were found between hepatitis incidence and maternal pregnancy disorders (aPOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.03–3.6) and abnormal parturition methods (aPOR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.14–4.18). However, ANC history and hepatitis B immunization did not show significant associations. Conclusion: Comprehensive and timely ANC to address pregnancy disorders and ensure normal parturition can significantly reduce hepatitis risk in infants. Public health interventions should focus on maternal health education and healthcare access, particularly in rural areas. |
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Manuscript ID 3647 |
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Effect of Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaves Extract on SGOT and SGPT Levels and Liver Histopathology in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) |
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Tridiganita Intan Solikhah, Qurrotul Aini Dwi Agustin, Ghulam Naufal Raffiuttaqi, Syalzaesha Ainun Fatehah Pengestu, Ragil Kusnandar Miftakhurrozaq |
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Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus poses significant health risks, including liver damage, often caused by side effects of drug therapy. Ruellia tuberosa L. leaves, known for its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, offers a promising natural alternative. This study evaluates its hepatoprotective potential by assessing Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) levels, along with liver histopathology in alloxan-induced diabetes white rats. Methods: The research method used was randomized posttest-only control group design. Alloxan was injected intraperitoneally with 150 mg/kg BW (single dose). Twenty-five male white rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group of diabetic white rats (K-), diabetic white rats given metformin (standard drug) dose of 50 mg/kg BW (K+), normal white rat control (P0), diabetic white rats given R. tuberosa leaves extract dose of 200 mg/kg BW (P1), and 400 mg/kg BW (P2). After 14 days, blood samples were analyzed for SGOT and SGPT levels, and liver organs were examined histologically. Results: The analysis showed that the administration of R. tuberosa leaves extract doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW in diabetic rats for 14 days had an improvement effect on SGOT, SGPT levels and histopathological images of liver organs. Conclusion: R. tuberosa leaves extract, especially at 400 mg/kg BW dose can effectively lower SGOT and SGPT levels, also improving liver histopathology in diabetic rats. These findings suggest its potential as a complementary therapeutic option for liver complications in diabetic cases. |
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Manuscript ID 3427 |
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Efficacy and tolerance of Methylprednisolone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis relapses: the case study of Morocco |
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Mirhani Ali, Auajjar Nabila, Slimani Chouki, Attarassi Benaissa |
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Abstract Background: In this study, we wanted to examine the clinical effectiveness and tolerance of treating relapses with methylprednisolone over a 2-year follow-up period in patients with the remitting-recurrent (RR) or progressive (P) form of multiple sclerosis (MS), who have no way for another treatment. Methodology: Over a ten-year period, we compiled data on 31 MS patients who were using methylprednisolone for relapsing-remitting and progressive MS. These patients were also followed over a 2-year period. Additionally, EDSS ratings and annualised relapse rates (ARR) were evaluated by methylprednisolone prior to treatment. After this therapy, we recorded the initial relapse time and the 0.5-point EDDS rise to calculate effectiveness. Also, MRI data were obtained. Results: There were 31 methylprednisolone-treated patients in the trial; 17 of them had progressive MS and 14 had relapsing-remitting MS. Furthermore, we noticed that over the course of the trial, the initial mean EDSS decreased in the progressive group from 5.46 to 5.43 and in the relapsing-remitting group from 4.24 to 3.62. Similar to this, we noticed that ARR in RRMS decreased from 2.88 prior to methylprednisolone to 0.29 in the second year. In the SEP-P group, a decrease in ARR from 2.64 to 0.29 was also recorded. Conclusion: This study shows that methylprednisolone has a beneficial effect on treating multiple sclerosis outbreaks. Therefore, methylprednisolone intravenously has its place as an effective first-line treatment in patients who do not have financial means and also in patients with acute flare-ups. |
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Manuscript ID 3455 |
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Blastocystis St-1 and ST-3 Mixed Infection Causes Increased Inflammatory Responses and Nf-Kb Protein Expression |
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Eka Nofita, Nuzulia Irawati, Eryati Darwin, Netti Suharti, Hasmiwati, Tofrizal, Hirowati Ali, Arina Widya Murni |
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Abstract Background: Blastocystis sp. is one of the most common intestinal protozoa found in humans, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. One of the influencing factors is its genetic subtype. The subtypes that most commonly infect humans are subtypes 1-4. Blastocystis subtypes that are commonly found in Indonesia, especially in Padang City, are Blastocystis ST 1 and ST3. Methods: This study was experimental with a post-test-only control group design. A total of 18 rats were randomly divided into 3 sample groups: control group, treatment group with Blastocystis ST 1&3 dose 104 and dose 105. The inflammatory response was assessed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of NF-kB protein. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests were conducted to determine the significance of differences in the expression of each protein and gene in the three groups of animals. Results: Blastocystis ST 1 and ST 3 mixed infection in mice caused mild-moderate inflammation in histopathological examination of intestinal tissue and increased NF-kB protein expression, especially in the dose 105 treatment group (14.45±5.51) compared to the dose 104 treatment group (8.24±2.72) and the control group (7.41±1.21). This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that Blastocystis ST 1&3 mixed infection can increase the inflammatory response in mice's intestinal tissue. This effect was particularly evident at higher doses 105. |
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Manuscript ID 1960 |
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Molecular Identification of Cystic Echinococcosis in Mosul, Iraq |
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Sinan K. Abood, Najah S. N. AL-Omar |
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Abstract Background: The disease cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a significant parasitic illness recognized for its considerable economic and health implications globally. It is caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. Methods: The aim of this study is to identify the Echinococcus species in humans and livestock within Mosul, Iraq. This research work comprised fifty-five samples of viable Echinococcus cysts, including thirty from humans and twenty-five sheep. Human specimens were acquired from the main hospital in Mosul. Animal specimens were collected in the Al-Saadoon abattoir from June 2022 to March 2023. Results: DNA samples were extracted from the protoscolex and blastoderm of each cyst sample. The mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cox1 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Gene sequencing techniques and tree-based analysis of genetic diversity were utilized on 10 random samples of PCR (5 from humans and 5 from sheep). Conclusion: The findings indicated that a collection of genotypes from among the G1 and G3 groups was recognized in cysts of echinococcosis in Mosul humans while G1 genotype was found in sheep. This implies that integrated public health and veterinary measures for control are fundamental. |
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Manuscript ID 1996 |
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The correlation between Fibroblast Growth Factor and Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |
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Sarah S. Jabbar, Sanad B. Mahmmad |
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Abstract Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common microvascular complication of advanced-stage diabetes mellitus. Its pathogenesis is via redox imbalance, cytokine kinetics, genetics, metabolism, and microvascular dysfunction involving the kidneys. DN causes proteinuria, edema, and hypertension, which can lead to kidney failure. Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high-protein diet, and smoking are recognized risk factors. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) regulates significant physiological activities and is engaged in DN, but its definitive mechanism is unclear. Methods: In this study, 135 participants took part: 90 patients with DN (53 men, 37 women) and 45 controls. Patients were separated into:
The study was conducted at Telafer Hospital (April 2021–June 2022). Serum FGF was measured using an ELISA kit. Blood (5 mL) was left to clot at room temperature for 20 minutes; the clotted blood was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes to separate serum. Results: s-FGF levels were significantly higher in DN groups than controls (p < 0.001). FBS, HbA1c, and ACR were also elevated. Conclusion: ACR is a leading early diagnostic marker of DN. FGF is a strong candidate for a diagnostic and a disease progression-tracking biomarker in DN. |
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Manuscript ID 1997 |
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Assessment of Protein Klotho as Monitor in Diabetic Nephropathy |
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Sarah S. Jabbar, Sanad B. Mahmmad |
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Abstract Background: Klotho is a protein found throughout the body with higher concentrations in the kidneys. Specifically, as a person ages, the levels of Klotho decline gradually, correlating with the natural decrease in kidney function. As we age, a decline in klotho leads to various age-related illnesses like chronic kidney disease, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Klotho plays a role in regulating metabolism, including glucose and fatty acids, as well as aiding in bile acid production. Methods: 90 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were divided into three groups depending on the levels of albuminuria. Twenty-two people with macroalbuminuria; the control group included 45 samples, while the patient group included 23 patients with microalbuminuria and 45 diabetes patients with normal albuminuria. Serum klotho was measured using the ELISA technique along with other tests of kidney function. One Hundred Thirty-five subjects were studied in the Hospital of Telafer, Mosul/Iraq, from November 2021 to April 2022. Results: Compared to control persons, diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients had lower serum Klotho levels. Conclusion: The diagnosis of DN with serum klotho can be promising, and lower serum klotho serves as a good biomarker. |
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Manuscript ID 2015 |
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Biofilm Detection in Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae via Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods in Diverse Clinical Isolates |
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Teghridt Omran, Saba J. Jawad AL-Zubaidi |
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Abstract Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a virulent pathogen that is resistant to several classes of antibiotics and has been responsible for severe hospital- and community-acquired infections. Physiologically found within the human gut, it has the ability to induce opportunistic infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, and wound/burn infection. It is possible to isolate it from several clinical sources. Methods: 190 samples were randomly selected from different health centers of Diyala Governorate between September 2022 and January 2023. These health centers were Baquba Teaching Hospital, Al-Batoul Teaching Hospital, Advisory Clinic, Burn and Wound wards, and educational laboratories. Results: Biochemical tests and the VITEK2 compact system identified K. pneumoniae in 26.3% (n = 50) of isolates, with 34% (n = 17) being multidrug-resistant (MDR). MDR K. pneumoniae showed resistance to CTX (60%), MEM (48%), AMP (100%), AMC (68%), ATM (46%), CAZ (70%), IMP (40%), AK (38%), LEV (30%), CIP (38%), STX (60%), and AZM (40%). All 17 MDR isolates formed biofilms (100%) via the Microtiter Plate Method, with 76.48% (n = 13) being moderate and 23.52% (n = 4) strong producers. Molecular detection revealed 100% positivity for luxS and mrkD genes, and 41.17% (n = 7) for traT. Conclusion: MDR K. pneumoniae with robust biofilm production, virulence genes, and high-level antimicrobial resistance creates significant infection control issues. Clonal hospital spread is indicated by the genetic similarity, and further epidemiologic studies are necessary to fully understand the strain behavior. |
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Manuscript ID 2019 |
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The effect of TGF-β1 gene expression on patients with rheumatoid arthritis |
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Inam Tahseen Alwan |
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Abstract Background: A systemic autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), affects a wide range of ages and populations worldwide. In chronic RA, lymphocytes, synovial cells, antigen-presenting cells, their cytokines, and most importantly, Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are the leading players. The most critical for angiogenesis, immunosuppression, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation is TGF-β1, a potent anti-inflammatory mediator in RA with high expression at the site of RA. Methods: Eighteen age-matched healthy controls and 53 patients who were both anti-CCP-positive and RF-positive were included. The patients were collected from private clinics in Wasit Province, Al Zahraa Hospital, the Rehabilitation Centre for the Disabled and Artificial Limbs, and Al Karama Teaching Hospital. The TGF-β1 gene's expression in blood samples was examined using RT-qPCR. Each patient's erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was assessed, and the DAS score was used to categorize disease activity. Results: Rheumatoid arthritis patients had considerably greater TGF-β1 expression than the control group (5±5.7 fold higher, p = 0.03). The expression of TGF-β1 on leukocytes did not vary significantly between males and females. Furthermore, TGF-β1 gene expression did not change amongst patients with low, moderate, and high disease activity levels. Conclusion: The elevated level of TGF-β1 in the contemporary study might be correlated with RA in Iraqi patients. This relationship seems independent of gender and disease activity status and highlights the importance of TGF-β1 in RA pathogenesis, indicating its possible contribution as a disease detection biomarker. The implications of these findings are significant for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying RA and may influence future therapeutic strategies. |
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Manuscript ID 2036 |
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Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii In Local and Imported Red Meat and Meat Products in Al-Diwaniyah City Markets /Iraq |
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Yuser J. Mahmood, Hadi M. Al-Mayali |
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Abstract Background: Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent parasitic disease that affects both humans and many domestic animals and causes abortion and death of fetuses and neonates. It results from infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Methods: During this study, 300 samples (150 local and 150 imported meat and product samples like steak, minced meat, sausages, burgers, and livers) were examined by microscopy on digested tissue juice prepared from the peptic digestion technique and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The objective was to detect Toxoplasma gondii infection through the B1 gene, which is of molecular weight 469 bp. Results: The results of local meat examined through microscope and PCR technique showed that samples taken from steak meat gave the highest positive infection (22%), Minced meat (20%), burgers (12%), and liver 8%, while the lowest percentage of positive infection was in sausages; it was only one positive sample (4%). The total infection rate was 14.66% and the results did not show any significant differences in infection at infection probability (P > 0.05). Imported meat showed only 7 positive samples (4.66%). Conclusion: The higher prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in local fresh meat and meat products makes them more harmful to human health than imported meat, whereas freezing, salting, and other processes make imported meat products less contaminated than fresh meat. Based on genetic tree analysis and genotyping, the Indian strain of the parasite registered in the NCBI gene bank under the accession number DQ872518.1 is prevalent in both imported and local meat in Iraq, with a molecular similarity ranging with local strains from 99.60% to 99.96%. |
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Manuscript ID 2128 |
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Protective Efficacy of Phoenix dactylifera Pollen Aqueous Extract Against Male Rat Infertility Caused by Lead |
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Zainab A. Shehab, Huda K. Khassaf, Rashad Fadhil Ghadhban |
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Abstract Background: Lead produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accelerates lipid peroxidation. A wide range of tropical plants and their extracts, including fertility-boosting compounds and antioxidants, have demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits. One of the promising therapeutic plants is Phoenix dactylifera pollen, which is a tropical and subtropical tree. It is rich in flavonoids, phenolics, antioxidants, ferulic, p-coumaric, and sinapic acids. Methods: Thirty-two male rats were studied and divided into four groups: (1) control (normal saline), (2) lead acetate exposure (80 mg/kg) group, (3) date palm pollen treatment (300 mg/kg) group, and (4) lead exposure + date palm pollen treatment group. After 30 days, organ weights (liver, testes, kidneys, spleen) and sperm health (count, motility, viability) were compared. Results: In lead-exposed rats, improvements were noted in the mass of liver, testes, kidneys, and spleen after treatment with P. dactylifera extracts. The results also showed a noteworthy surge in testicular weight as contrasted with the lead-treated group. Furthermore, rats treated with both lead and Phoenix dactylifera pollen extract showed a significant increase in sperm count (106/mm3), motility, and live sperm percentage, along with a decrease in dead sperm percentage, compared to the group treated with lead alone. Conclusion: It appears that date palm pollen of P. dactylifera serves as a potentially effective remedy for male infertility. Data showed antioxidant effects of aqueous pollen extract from P. dactylifera in ameliorating the deadly effect of lead on testes and weight of organs by improvements in fertility parameters as compared to the lead-treated group. |
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Manuscript ID 2156 |
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Detection of MexR and MexZ efflux pump genes and assessment of the synergistic effect of amikacin and gentamycin with some efflux pump inhibitors in antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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Sara Hameed Rajab, Mayada Abdullah Shehan |
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Abstract Background: A bacterium called Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes infections with high mortality rates and has the ability to rapidly acquire resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Methods: A total of 118 clinical specimens from both males and females of different age groups were gathered between early September 2022 and the end of December 2022 from several hospitals in Al-Anbar city, Iraq. The sample sources were wounds, burns, urinary tract infections (UTI), and sputum. P. aeruginosa was identified through its microscopical properties, confirmed using the VITEK 2 automated system, followed by molecular detection using the 16S rRNA gene. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used based on CLSI guidelines (CLSI, 2022) for the aminoglycoside antibiotics class. DNA extraction from the twenty isolates was conducted using Presto™ Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. After that, molecular analysis of MexR and MexZ was performed using the PCR technique. Results: Within this, 65 isolates were determined as P. aeruginosa from 118 samples. A ratio of P. aeruginosa bacteria in the wound was 27/65 (41.5%), while in the burn wound, Urinary tract infection (UTI), and sputum were 20/65 (30.8%), 14/65(21.5%), and 4/65(6.2%), respectively. The findings of the test for antibiotic resistance were Amikacin (73.84%), Gentamycin (81.53%), Netilmicin (33.84%), and Tobramycin (66.15%). The molecular analysis of MexZ genes from the twenty isolates showed the highest prevalence, 20/20 (100%), and the MexR gene 14/20 (70%). The antagonism of aminoglycoside antibiotics by divalent cations was found, and it is noted that the presence of divalent cations caused the antibiotic Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranges to increase. Conclusion: It was found that MexR and MexZ genes are widespread in P. aeruginosa isolates, which indicated elevated mexXY-OprM and MexAB-OprM gene expression in P. aeruginosa. These elevated efflux pumps of P. aeruginosa may influence antibiotic ion fluxes at the bacterial cell membrane, contributing to the improved resistance to aminoglycosides. The aminoglycoside resistance isolates expressed decreased efflux pumps when inhibited by CCCP and Conessine. |
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Manuscript ID 2230 |
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Feasibility analysis of bioethanol produced from Ceratophyllum demersum L. aquatic weed utilizing solar energy |
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Dmoua Kamil Hashim AL-Zaidi, Husam M. Kredy |
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Abstract Background: Biofuels have also been at the center of attention with the increasing demand for sustainable energy, coupled with increasing concerns regarding greenhouse gases. A promising candidate is Ceratophyllum demersum L., a nuisance aquatic weed common in Iraqi water systems, which potentially can be utilized in the generation of bioethanol. Methods: In this study, the possibility of using Ceratophyllum demersum L. as raw material for the generation of ethanol was investigated through the process of acid hydrolysis accompanied by fermentation. To test the accuracy and reliability of the data, the experiments were repeated in duplicate. Solar pond systems have also been utilized to provide heat for the pre-treatment and fermentation process, hence reducing the requirement for conventional sources of energy. Results: The findings revealed that Ceratophyllum demersum L. has high potential to serve as a feedstock to produce bioethanol. The highest ethanol purity obtained in the first trial was 82.48% (v/v) at a 3M acid concentration and 2.5% substrate quantity and was 89.80% at same condition in the second trial. Conclusion: The study findings affirm that Ceratophyllum demersum L. is a potential raw material for the production of bioethanol. Furthermore, the combination of solar thermal systems with biomass treatment maximizes overall efficiency in energy. By so doing, this strategy lessens traditional energy requirements while striving for ecological and economic sustainability through the harvesting of untapped plant material and the harnessing of solar heat, fundamental aspects to the sustainability of bioethanol production. |
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Manuscript ID 2263 |
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Evaluation of the produced flavone's protective properties against oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in male rats with iron-induced hepatotoxicity |
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Farah Dheyaa Ahmed Haddad, Hind Bahjat Mohammed Aldik, Aseel Ibrahim Suhail |
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Abstract Background: Hepatotoxicity is a liver damage due to exposure to a toxic substance such as medications, alcohol, or certain chemicals. Iron induced-hepatotoxicity may occur if the supplement is taken in excess or for an extended period of time. Methods: To synthesize a series of the flavone derivatives and estimate their roles as protecting agents against iron induced-hepatotoxicity. Excellent yields of chalcone derivatives were obtained through Aldol condensation of 2-hydroxyacetophenone and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde using SOCl2/ETOH as a catalyst. In contrast, oxidative cyclization of the synthesized 2'-chalcone derivative in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with iodine affords the corresponding flavone derivatives. Results: Confirmation of the structure of the synthesized chalcone and flavone products was obtained through the use of FTIR spectroscopy as well as other physicochemical properties. Conclusion: The novel flavone compound exhibited a substantially efficient capability in hepatoprotection against iron overload, and we found that it exhibited antioxidant activity. |
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Manuscript ID 2308 |
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The relationship between Biochemical and Immunological parameters and their effect on gout patients |
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Kareema A. Dakhil, Manal A. Aziz, Wajdy J. Majid |
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Abstract Background: Gout is thought to be an autoinflammatory illness because monosodium urate (MSU) crystals trigger the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which in turn triggers caspase-1 to release active cytokines. Yet, it is still unclear how blood cytokine levels relate to the symptoms and clinical indicators of the illness. The serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Adiponectin (ADP), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and Uric Acid (UA) were examined, and their relation with clinical and laboratory findings was discussed. Methods: ELISA was used to determine the clinical, laboratory, and cytokine levels of 80 male and female gout patients (gout group). The study also included 70 individuals without a history of arthritis for comparison's sake (control group). Results: On analysis, 80 out of the 150 individuals had gout arthritis. Uric Acid, IL-6, and CRP concentrations were all noticeably more prevalent in patients than in the control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, ADP levels in patients were considerably lower than those of the control group (P < 0.001) as well. The present results were examined for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Conclusion: Gout was more common in male patients than in female patients. High mean levels of UA, CRP, and IL-6, in both male and female gouty patients, as well as low mean values of ADP, were discovered when biochemical parameters were evaluated. As a result, UA, IL-6, ADP, and CRP are concluded to be significant markers for the development of gout-related comorbidities and are key gout predictors. |
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Manuscript ID 2309 |
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Molecular report of resistant isolates of Theileria annulata by targeting the cytochrome b gene in cattle and ticks in Babylon, Al-Qasim city of Iraq |
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Ahmed Hassan Salah, Muthanna Hadi Hussain |
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Abstract Background: Ticks are the carriers of the deadly animal illness theileriosis. Theileria annulata in cattle is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite carried by ticks (Hyalomma spp.) that infects hosts with mild, severe, and fatal illnesses. Theileria annulata, also known as tropical theileriosis, is a lymphoproliferative illness that causes severe mortality and morbidity in calves. Currently available antiparasitic medications work well in animals, but owing to developing resistance, animals may die or continue to be carriers. Treatment works best while the disease is still in its early stages. Methods: In the current study, 2.5 mL of blood was drawn from the jugular vein and placed in an EDTA anticoagulant tube. Tick samples from each animal suspected of having Theileria annulata infection were placed in plastic tubes and sent straight to the laboratory for microscopic diagnosis using a blood smear and, later, PCR testing, which yielded a positive result. Results: PCR targeting the 18s rRNA gene showed amplification in all tested blood samples (100%), confirming infection with T. annulata. In ticks, 81.25% (13/16) was positive for T. annulata. Furthermore, the cytochrome b gene (resistant gene) was detected in 100% of the calves’ samples and 81.25% of the tick samples tested using PCR. Conclusion: The cytochrome b gene is present with 100% prevalence in calves’ samples and 81.25% prevalence in ticks, which may be a contributing factor to mortality in infected calves. Sequencing analysis is a necessary method for the identification of mutations in the ticks and calves' blood samples. |
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Manuscript ID 2334 |
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miRNA-181a and miRNA-128 expression levels as a predictive marker for response in treating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
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Zainab Kadhim Abdul-Hussein, Ibrahim A. Al-Tamemi |
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Abstract Background: The genesis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) has been established to involve the workings of certain microRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-181a and miR-128. As such, science research has been exploring their potential as biological markers for various therapeutic uses, such as disease detection, relapse likelihood prediction, and monitoring of patient treatment response. Moreover, identifying additional miRNA biomarkers can also enable scientists to develop new treatment approaches in their entirety. Methods: This study examined 100 participants, including 70 ALL patients—i.e., 40 in remission, 20 who relapsed, and 10 who were resistant—and 30 healthy controls. Researchers employed RT-qPCR to identify and quantify expressions of miR-181a and miR-128 in blood samples and statistically compared expressions in all these groups. Results: The expression analysis revealed significant differences between the study groups for both miRNA-181a and miRNA-128 (p < 0.001). The highest peak level of expression was noted in the relapse group in comparison to the response, resistant, and control participants. Furthermore, in relapse, response, and resistant groups, there was significantly elevated expression (p < 0.05), and control levels were lowest of all (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Quantitation of expression levels of miR-181a and miR-128 holds great promise in predicting treatment response in ALL patients. More importantly, miR-181a shows promise as a specific and sensitive biomarker in predicting resistance and relapse in adult ALL patients. |
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Manuscript ID 2354 |
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Reciprocal relationship between neurodegeneration-related miRNAs and neurohormones in diabetes mellitus patients: The possible mechanism of high glucose neurotoxicity |
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Toqa Alabyadh, Leila Sadeghi, Mohammad Ali Hosseinpour Feizi |
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Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome that causes blood glucose to remain consistently above normal. High glucose concentrations in the neuronal niche can harm neurons permanently. Some DM-related molecular events are found to cause neurological abnormalities and cognitive dysfunctions. Dopamine and oxytocin are important neurohormones that are regulated by miRNAs and could also reorganize neural function-related miRNA networks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess how neurohormones and miRNAs linked to neurodegeneration interact in DM patients. Methods: For this purpose, blood samples related to type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) of diabetes and non-diabetic controls were used to measure hormones (dopamine, oxytocin, and thyroid hormones) by using a specific ELISA kit and circular miRNAs by RT-PCR method. Results: Data revealed a significant reduction of dopamine and oxytocin in both types of DM, which are accompanied by miR-27a, miR-107, and miR-191 up-regulation. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) protein expression is primarily inhibited by miR-27a, which leads to dopaminergic cell death and consequently reduces dopamine synthesis and release. We also found a significant decrease in miR-23a and miR-128 levels in DM that could increase dopaminergic cell death, possibly through attenuation of mitochondrial complex I. Comparing the data related to both types of DM confirmed that miR191 and miR-128 levels in T2DM are higher than in T1DM. Conclusion: It was discovered that miRNAs and neurohormones have a reciprocal interaction that may make them a promising treatment target for DM. |
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Manuscript ID 2587 |
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Estimate the relationship between SNP of the IL-17 gene (rs2275913) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) |
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Anees Abdul-Hassan Thamer, Ali Naeem Salman |
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Abstract Background: One cytokine that may be important in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is interleukin-17 (IL-17). The functions of IL-17 and its receptor genes can be affected by functional genetic variations. Methods: The study examined the relationship between the IL-17A gene's rs2275913 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in 40 samples (30 patients and 10 controls). Results: The rs2275913 variant had a homozygous GG, heterozygous GA, and homozygous AA pattern in the population under investigation. Most patients were in the homozygous GG state, and the homozygous variant AA was present among patients and controls. The IL-17A gene had patterns of polymorphism within the tested Thi-Qar community members. Conclusion: This study found good correlation between IL-17A gene rs2275913 genotypes and cardiovascular disease. The GA heterozygous genotype was significantly higher in healthy volunteers than in patients (p = 0.02), showing protection. While there was no significant correlation in terms of overall allele frequency, these results affirm that there is an impact of some genotypes of this polymorphism on the prevalence of CVD among Thi Qar residents. |
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Manuscript ID 2001 |
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Activity Study of Ni (II), Cu (II), and Metal Complexes with New Schiff Base on Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCAM) Cancer Cell |
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Zaid N. O. Al-husseini, Jasim M. S. Alshawi |
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Abstract Background: Among the most important alkyl groups of Schiff bases are those that contain heterocyclic atoms, such as sulfur or oxygen, and are called heterocyclic compounds. These compounds are considered to form complexes with metallic elements and have high biological effectiveness, such as anti-cancer. Methods: In this work, a novel ligand was synthesized by reacting O-Phenylenediamine (OPD) and 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine with thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde. Transition metal complexes of Ni (II) and Cu (II) were synthesized using a 1:1 molar ratio of metal chlorides to the ligand (M: L). Results: The ligand and its metal complexes were characterized using a variety of spectroscopic and analytical methods. The results showed that a tetrahedral geometry is favored for the metal complexes. Conclusion: Schiff base and its metal complexes were tested for their cytotoxic potential against hepatoma cellular carcinoma (HCAM) cancer cells. |
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Manuscript ID 2018 |
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Natalizumab Antibodies and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 Serum Levels in Multiple Sclerosis Patients |
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Hadeel Abood Mohammed, Ahmed Abdul-Hassan Abbas, Nawfal Mahdi Shaheed |
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Abstract Background: Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is established therapy for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). A fraction of patients, however, form anti-drug antibodies that have the potential to lessen the efficacy of therapy. To counteract this, the current study endeavored to find the incidence of anti-natalizumab immunoglobulins and examine their relationship with serum levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13). Since CXCL13 is a marker of immune activation, determination of levels may provide informative insights on therapeutic effect and interpatient variation. Methods: The current study was conducted from February 2021 to September 2021, which included sixty patients with multiple sclerosis who attended the Multiple Sclerosis Center in Baghdad Teaching Hospital and 30 healthy individuals as control group. The patients were on natalizumab for about one year and divided into two groups (30 responders and 30 non-responders); all of them were diagnosed by consultant physicians. Studied markers like CXCL13 and Natalizumab Abs were distinguished by ELISA. Results: The positivity of anti-natalizumab in non-responder patients, responder patients, and healthy controls was (5, 0, 0), respectively. There was a very important relation between existing anti-natalizumab and CXCL13 protein serum level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), with P value < 0.001. Conclusion: The positivity of anti-natalizumab and its significant correlation with serum levels of CXCL13 in MS patients could be an informative indicator towards natalizumab treatment. |
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Manuscript ID 2262 |
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Evaluation of Inhibin-B Hormone Levels and Their Relationship with Interleukin-2 and Selected Antioxidant Enzymes in Infertile Males in Kirkuk, Iraq |
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Hadeel Salih Mahmoud Al-barzanji, Saria Naji Mohsen, Mahmoud Mohammed Mahmoud |
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Abstract Background: Infertility affects approximately 15% to 20% of couples around the world, with male infertility accounting for approximately 20% of cases. Azoospermia, which affects 1% of men, necessitates a comprehensive evaluation, which involves taking a detailed medical history, conducting a physical examination, and performing semen analysis. Methods: The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of Inhibin B hormone in infertile males and explore their relationship with Interleukin-2 and antioxidant enzymes. Serum levels of Inhibin-B, IL-2, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was employed to quantify Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX1) and other parameters. Results: The findings indicated a notable reduction in Inhibin-B levels at p<0.05. No notable correlations were found between GPx1, SOD, IL-2, as well as Inhibin-B hormone levels. GPX1 and SOD levels exhibited a significant reduction (p<0.05), whereas IL-2 levels demonstrated a marked increase (p<0.01), especially in patients diagnosed with azoospermia. Conclusion: The study demonstrates significant changes in Inhibin-B, IL-2, and antioxidant enzyme levels in infertile males and are associated with impaired spermatogenesis in men with azoospermia and oligospermia. Decreased Inhibin B reflects Sertoli cell dysfunction, elevated IL-2 indicates an inflammatory component and reduced activities of SOD and GPX1 highlight the impact of oxidative stress on sperm quality. While these biomarkers provide insight into male infertility, their measurement alone is insufficient to accurately assess reproductive function, particularly concerning semen quality. |
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Manuscript ID 2237 |
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Estimation of (IgG and IgA)antibodies and complement proteins (C3 and C4) levels in obese people sera in Diyala governorate |
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Marwa Yahya Mohamed Khairy, Maha Falih Nazzal |
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Abstract
Background: Obesity is a medical condition that means the accumulation of excess fat in the body to the extent that it has a negative effect on health. It leads to a decrease in the expected average age of individuals or leads to an increase in medical diseases. The recent study aimed to explore the levels of complement proteins C3 and C4 and the antibodies IgA and IgG in the serum of obese patients whose Body Mass Index (BMI) was 40 kg/m2 or more in comparison with the control group who had the ideal weight. Results: The study showed that the mean of infection among females was higher than among males. Also, it was shown that the age category (15-25) was the highest category afflicted with obesity among females and males. The serum was separated, and the Single Immunodiffusion method was used for examining the under study complement proteins (C3 & C4), and Immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG), and this was based on the precipitate ring. The results of the recent study revealed an increase in C3 level among the obese individuals (2.02 ± 178.06) mg/dl in comparison with the control (0.69 ± 27.87) mg/dl. In addition, there was an increase in the C4 level in the serum of the obese individuals (1.13 ± 74-91) mg/dl in comparison with the control (0.43 ± 12.43) mg/dl at a significant level (p<0.05). Regarding the levels of Immunoglobulins, there is an increase in the IgA level in the serum of the obese individuals (9.28±697.86) mg/dl in comparison with the control (2.66±84.77) mg/dl. Also, there was an increase in the IgG level (40.26±2067.20) in comparison with the control (20.73 ± 412.38) mg/dl at the significant level (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is an increase in the C3 and C4 levels in the obese group compared to the control group, and there is an increase in the IgA and IgG levels in the obese group compared to the control group |
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Manuscript ID 1965 |
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Synthesis, Characterization and Anticancer Study of New 4-{[3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-sulfanyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]carbonoimidoyl}benzene-1,3-diol and Their Transition Metal Complexes |
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Safaa. H. Nasir, Ibrahim. A. Flifel |
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Abstract Background: The present study included the synthesis of a new 4-{[3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-sulfanyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]carbonoimidoyl}benzene-1,3-diol, and its complexes with Ni(ІІ), Co(ІІ), Cu(ІІ), Fe(ІІІ), and Cr(ІІІ) ions were synthesized.
Methods: Characterizations were conducted by conductance measurements, mass spectra, 1H NMR, FTIR, and elemental analyses. |
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Manuscript ID 2194 |
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Genetic Relationships Among Local Oscillatoria Isolates from Freshwater Sources Using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Technique |
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Safa Ghassan Hameed, Harith Kamil Buniya |
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Abstract Background: Molecular characteristics are good markers for distinguishing between closely related species. Molecular taxonomy has been significantly improved by DNA-based strategies with increasing accuracy and efficiency in identifying species through the use of PCR-based methods. We used inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in this research to compare and examine the genetic profiles of several Oscillatoria species from native freshwater environments. Methods: Algal samples were taken from natural freshwater environments in the autumn season (September–November 2022). To reduce contamination, DNA was obtained from axenic cultures of Oscillatoria spp. Then, ISSR analysis was done to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between the isolated strains. Results: Seven species were identified: Oscillatoria acuta (OS1), O. princeps Vaucher (OS2), O. annae (OS3), O. margaritifera (OS4), O. proteus Skuja (OS5), Oscillatoria sp. (OS6), and O. sancta (OS7). O. annae and Oscillatoria sp. were most similar and were found to have the greatest genetic similarity (index = 0.6598), indicating that there is close evolutionary linkage. The two with the lowest similarity were O. acuta and O. proteus Skuja (index = 0.4330), indicating greater genetic divergence. Conclusion: Our results support that ISSR markers are most effective in determining genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between Oscillatoria spp. This method is promising to improve the molecular taxonomy of cyanobacteria. |
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Manuscript ID 2406 |
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Influence of Sperm Chromatin Immaturity on Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcomes |
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Doaa Adnan Ajam, Amal Abdulwahid Mohammed, Muayad Sraibet Abbood |
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Abstract Background: Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART), particularly intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), bypass natural selection processes, allowing sperm with low deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity to fertilize eggs, which may adversely affect ICSI outcomes. Routine semen analysis provides limited insight into male reproductive potential, necessitating advanced assessments of sperm chromatin maturity. Methods: Semen samples were collected from 92 patients after 1–7 days of sexual abstinence. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed according to WHO standards (6th edition, 2021). A detailed questionnaire capturing history and physical examination was used. The relationship between sperm chromatin immaturity (SCI%) and ICSI outcomes, including fertilization rate and embryo quality, was evaluated. Results: A weak and non-significant negative correlation was observed between SCI% and fertilization rate (CC = -0.051; p = 0.63) and between SCI% and grade 1 embryos (CC = -0.093; p = 0.38). Weak, non-significant positive correlations were found between SCI% and abnormal division (CC = 0.05; p = 0.64). However, a weak positive association was identified between SCI% and grade 2 embryos (CC = 0.242; p = 0.02) and grade 3 embryos (CC = 0.212; p = 0.04). SCI% showed no significant correlation with seminal fluid parameters. Conclusion: This study concluded that sperm chromatin immaturity (SCI%) does not correlate with seminal fluid parameters but correlates negatively with fertilization rate, pregnancy rate, and embryo quality. |
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Manuscript ID 2407 |
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Impact of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Emission from cell phones on Semen Parameters and DNA Integrity in males |
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Enaam J. Husain, Saad S. Al-Dujaily, Hayder M. Al-Dabaaj |
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Abstract Background: Various lifestyle and environmental variables are attributed to male infertility-related cases, and one of those variables is radiation exposure. The most common source of non-ionizing radiation affecting male fertility is cell phones, which are certainly a necessary component of everyday life. Methods: Ninety-seven semen samples were collected into normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and oligozoospermia groups. Standard seminal analysis was conducted to measure semen parameters and DNA fragmentation rate according to WHO 2021 and 1999 guidelines. Treatment with antioxidants like Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for 2 months was recommended by a male infertility specialist. Results: The samples affected by electromagnetic waves emitted from cell phones exhibited a substantial reduction in semen parameters and normality of DNA. Normozoospermic group showed a significantly higher sperm agglutination (p = 0.048) and DNA fragmentation index (p < 0.001) in patients exposed to > 4 hours of non-ionizing electromagnetic waves. Sperm concentration was significantly lower in oligozoospermia group with more exposure time (p = 0.031); on the contrary, the DNA fragmentation index was significantly higher in these patients (p = 0.050). In the asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia groups, the only significant finding was higher DFI with higher exposure time (p = 0.043, p = 0.048). Conclusion: The quality of semen and DNA normality are both negatively correlated with electromagnetic waves released by cell phones. It is concluded that men of reproductive age should refrain from carrying their phones in their front trouser pocket or hip pocket, since this might harm spermatozoa parameters and reduce the reproductive capability of males. |
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Manuscript ID 2448 |
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The effect of deltamethrin insecticide on oxidative stress and liver function in albino male rats and the reformist role of citrus peel extraction |
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Hind Bahjat Mohammed Aldik, Adel H. Talib |
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Abstract Background: The study investigates the protective effects of citrus peel extracts (mandarin and lemon) from deltamethrin-induced liver and testicular toxicity in male rats. Methods: A total of forty-two rats were divided into eight groups, which included a control group and treatment groups that received deltamethrin (6 mg/kg body weight) only or combined with mandarin and/or lemon extracts or oils. Assessed biochemical markers such as AST, ALT, ALP, SOD, and MDA were used to evaluate liver function and oxidative stress in addition to histological examination of liver and testicular tissues to structural changes. Results: Deltamethrin significantly increased AST (198.36 U/L), ALT (123.02 U/L), ALP (97.35 U/L), and MDA (83.92 nmol/ml) levels, alongside a decrease in SOD (4.72 U/mg), indicating oxidative stress and tissue damage. The combination of citrus peel extracts alleviated these impacts, as the lemon extract yielded the lowest levels of AST (179.65 U/L), ALT (112.96 U/L), and ALP (93.55 U/L). SOD levels increased substantially, and were highest at 7.398 U/mg in the combination of mandarin and lemon with mandarin extract reducing MDA levels to 75.97 nmol/ml. Conclusion: Histopathological studies showed that deltamethrin induced pronounced necrotic, inflammatory and degenerative changes in liver and testis tissues, which were removed with the help of citrus extracts restoring the structure of tissues. These findings highlight the potential of mandarin and lemon extracts as natural protectants against chemical-induced toxicity, supporting their use in mitigating oxidative stress and tissue damage. |
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Manuscript ID 2389 |
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Anti-D Antibody Prevalence and Its Role in Hemolytic Disease Among Fetuses and Neonates in Erbil City |
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Abbas Bahram Younus, Bestoon Shekhany, Mohammed Omar Abdullah, Faruk Suzergoz |
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Abstract Background: Hematologists and obstetricians have focused their attention on the Rh antigen alloimmunization, especially the Rh-D antigen, which leads to severe health defects such as haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). This study aimed to design a geographic data profile for mothers with negative Rh-D who get pregnant with babies with positive Rh-D and to determine the rate of anti-D antibodies. Methods: In this study, 1028 blood samples were collected from 514 parents, who are mothers with Rh-negative and fathers with Rh-positive, in Erbil city of Iraq, from April 2022 to April 2023. Next, ABO and RhD typing tests were done for all samples (fathers and mothers), and then the Du test and antibody screening were applied to all mother samples. Results: Mothers’ blood samples were divided into age groups: 20-25: 35 (7%), 26-30: 165 (32%), 31-35: 191 (37%), 36-40: 112 (22%), and over 40: 11 (2%). Among Rh-negative mothers, blood group O was most common (40.3%), and AB least (2.9%). Anti-D positivity was highest in ages 36-40 (44%), followed by 26-30 and 31-35 (22% each), and over 40 (11%), with no cases in the 20-25 age group. Conclusion: The abortion rate was proportionally increased with increasing age and pregnancy duration. Anti-D antibodies and other alloantibodies have become the major cause of HDFN. Therefore, primary screening for antibodies, monitoring, and blood transfusion are crucial in order to prevent the severity of the antibody effect on the infant. |
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Manuscript ID 2217 |
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Evaluation of Spermine and Spermidine levels in Gallstone patients |
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Sahar Mohammod Eedan, Jwan Abdulmohsin Zainulabdeen |
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Abstract Background: Gallstones or cholelithiasis are a major public health issue, which most people don’t realize as they are not painful, but sometimes, gallstones cause discomfort and irritation in the organ by obstructing the digestive tract. Spermidine (SPD) and Spermine (SPE) are two polyamines (PAs) that regulate the growth of hepatocytes in liver. The PAs play two functions in preserving cellular oxidative equilibrium by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and providing protection against free radical damage when serving as an enzyme substrate. Therefore, levels and metabolism of PA serve as significant markers of neoplastic alterations in the liver. Methods: Gallstone patients from multiple internal medicine hospitals were surveyed, and samples were taken and evaluated from them. Similarly, samples from healthy individuals were also taken. Under regular laboratory circumstances, the patient samples were characterized using biochemical tests, and their data was documented. Results: The levels of PA and the common oxidative stress (OS) biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. The main liver function tests and lipid profile levels gave non-significant differences between the two studied groups. Whereas malondialdehyde (MDA), SPE, and SPD levels were significantly higher in patients than in the control group. Conclusion: The results of the study led to a relationship between polyamine levels and gallstone patients. An increase in PA levels was observed in cholelithiasis patients. It is concluded that PAs can be used for the diagnosis of cholelithiasis as well as for the prognosis of disease complications |
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Manuscript ID 2226 |
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The relationship between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1978124 and rs2074192 of the ACE2 gene in individuals with type 2 diabetes infected with COVID-19 |
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Ghaleb Hussein Obaid Al-Saeedi, Wisam Salih Abood |
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Abstract Background: The understanding of the complexity and importance of ACE2 gene from the perspective of two genotypes (rs1978124 and rs2074192) and their role in pancreatic deterioration is gaining prominence these days. The ACE2 role is considered important in characterizing different factors when diabetic patients interact with viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 120 patients and divided into three groups for a cross-sectional and observational study. The first group was admitted to the CoVID-19 isolation wards, and 40 of them were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most of them had diabetes, while the other groups had 40 of them infected with diabetes only, and 40 control samples. The test was performed using ARMS-PCR technology. Results: The results showed a statistically significant high risk of COVID-19 infection in the group of people with diabetes when compared to patients with diabetes of the COVID-19 polymerase genotype ACE2 rs1978124, as compared to the healthy controls, which also have a high-risk factor. When investigating the rs2074192 genotype of cohort 1 with diabetes and COVID-19 patients, C / T was found to be a risk factor (OR = 1.458) along with the TT genotype which followed the similar path (OR = 1.167). Conclusion: After the virus binds to the ACE2 receptor of pancreatic cells, it results in the destruction of beta cells and an increase in the rate of pancreatic fibrosis due to a decrease in blood flow in the blood vessels, and a decrease in insulin secretion, which leads to diabetes. |
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Manuscript ID 2458 |
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Study of some functions of bone after thyroidectomy in women |
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Isam Nghaimesh Taeb, Raid M. H. AL-Salih |
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Abstract Background: A reduction in IGF-1, thyroid hormones, as well as calcium, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), vitamin D, human bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (PAP), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) are prominent complications that can arise after total thyroidectomy. These complications can exhibit a wide range of severity, from asymptomatic cases to acute life-threatening conditions. Methods: The study encompassed the presence of three distinct patient groups with dissimilar characteristics with regard to the time elapsed since the complete extraction of the thyroid gland, with an additional healthy group comprising the fourth group, each group comprising 30 subjects. Omitted from the study were patients with cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and pregnant women. The scope of the study was confined to patients who had undergone surgical removal of the thyroid gland due to benign tumors or other medical reasons. Results: The results demonstrate that there was a notable difference in the levels of IGF-1, thyroid hormones, calcium, PTH, vitamin D, human bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (PAP), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) between the various groups. However, all three groups exhibited lower levels than the control group, with the first group displaying the lowest levels, followed by the second and third groups. Conclusion: The findings garnered from the conducted research indicate a reduction in the levels of thyroid hormones as well as a decline in the performance of the parathyroid gland. Moreover, there were evident alterations in calcium, bone parameters, and insulin-like growth factors, all of which corroborate the impact of total thyroidectomy on bone characteristics and growth factors. |
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Manuscript ID 2682 |
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Sarah Ibrahim Dhaidan, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi, Raja Hadi Al-Jubouri, Osama Saad Madhloom |
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Abstract Background: A recurring autoimmune disease with severe inflammation and joint destruction resulting from an immune-mediated inflammatory reaction is of concern these days, known as Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It induces intracellular multi-protein signaling hubs, or inflammasomes, linked to pathogen sensing and triggering inflammatory processes in healthy and sick individuals. The Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) protein forms an inflammasome complex that regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin-1Beta and 18. Nowadays, numerous experimental agents have been studied for investigating various approaches to improve rheumatoid arthritis treatment, including pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inhibitors. Methods: The current case-control experimental work involved 82 subjects separated into 3 classifications: 22 patients were newly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, 30 rheumatoid arthritis patients taking methotrexate (MTX), and 30 healthy subjects. The samples of saliva were obtained from all specimens, and the salivary inflammasome levels (NLRP3) were detected using ELISA. Results: The study discovered a significant increase in salivary pyrin domain-containing 3 in patient groups in comparison with the healthy group (control). However, the results discovered that no noteworthy variance (p>0.05) was observed in salivary NLRP3 level between the newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis group and the rheumatoid arthritis patients in the methotrexate treatment group. Conclusion: The study suggested that the elevated level of NLRP3 has a significant impact on disease etiology and could be used as diagnostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis, and could be targeted for the treatment of RA by developing novel and beneficial agents. |
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Manuscript ID 2588 |
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Molecular detection of some efflux pump genes in clinical isolates of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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Seham Ahmed Yousef, Muna T. Al-Musawi, Ibtesam Badday Hassan |
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Abstract Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen that is a leading cause of many types of infections, including acquired infections and healthcare-associated infections. In general, this organism is highly resistant to different classes of antimicrobials through different mechanisms that represent a major concern in the treatment of infections in hospitals. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the genes of efflux pumps, including MexAB, MexXy, MexC, and OperM in antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from different clinical samples in Diyala Province using PCR technology. Methods: The study included 50 isolates obtained from patients with different infections. This study was conducted during the period from November 2022 to March 2023, and all isolates were diagnosed with the Vitek system. Results: The results according to the total bacterial growth showed that the rate of P. aeruginosa was 50 isolates, of which males were 23 (46%) and females 27 (54%). A total of 20 MDR isolates were selected by testing all isolates for 10 different class of antimicrobials, using the method of Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion. The molecular results of the efflux pump genes in this study showed that 10 20/(50%) of the isolates contained the MexB gene, while the isolates did not contain the MexA gene, and all isolates contained the MexC and MexY genes by 20/20 (100%), and two isolates (20%) only contained the MexX gene, while only one isolate (10%) contained the OprM gene. Conclusion: The current study showed a rise in the spread of Mex efflux pump genes between the MDR isolates of P. aeruginosa bacteria that we obtained from different clinical samples in Diyala province, and therefore, the isolated positive efflux pumps were detected in this study and this indicates the extent of enhanced prevention and severe control of this infection |
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Manuscript ID 2218 |
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A Study on the Role of Folic Acid and Vitamin D in Pregnant Women with Threatened Abortion |
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Raid M. H. Al-Salih, Shaimaa J. Dohie |
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Abstract Background: Concentrations of progesterone, folic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin D (VD), and ceruloplasmin (Cp) are very important indicators of abortion in pregnant women. Thus, the measurement of correlations between these indicators is very much required for the better understanding of the cause and the pattern of abortion in pregnant women. Methods: Four groups were analyzed for the serum content of folic acid, VD, progesterone, MDA, and Cp: 25 patients with threatened abortion, 25 patients with inevitable abortion, 25 pregnant women with regular status of pregnancy, and 25 healthy non-pregnant women. Results: In the threatened abortion group, levels of folic acid declined considerably than in the other groups. Levels of VD also declined in the threatened abortion group, but its levels are highest in non-pregnant healthy women. Levels of progesterone were higher in the healthy pregnant women, followed by the threatened abortion group, and lowest in abortion group. Levels of MDA and Cp were elevated considerably in the threatened abortion group. Conclusion: Deficiencies in folic acid and VD are strongly linked with complications during pregnancy. Adequate monitoring and supplementation are critical in the prevention of threatened abortion and the enhancement of pregnancy outcomes. |
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Manuscript ID 2760 |
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Production and purification of Nattokinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa P49 |
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Shahad Abdullah Shwan, Ali Jabbar Reshak |
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Abstract Background: Nattokinase (NK) is a profibrinolytic serine protease enzyme produced by many bacterial strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, this study aimed to produce NK from local isolate of P. aeruginosa P49 and optimize its conditions for the production of enzyme. Methods: 150 samples were obtained from clinical sources, during the period from August to November 2022, from different hospitals. All samples were subjected to different examinations, in addition to VITEK2 system, to confirm that these isolates were P. aeruginosa. Results: A total of one hundred P. aeruginosa isolates were screened to choose the best NK-producing isolates using skim milk agar, then broth media, whereas P. aeruginosa P49 gave the highest enzymatic activity (337.9 U/mg protein). Optimal conditions for the formation of NK were estimated, and the results showed that the maximum production of NK was gained using peptone-yeast medium containing sucrose, peptone, and CaSO4.2H2O at pH 7.5 and 37°C for 24 hours of incubation, whereas the activity of NK increased to reach a yield of 1603 U/mg protein. The NK was purified from P. aeruginosa P49 utilizing ion exchange chromatography (IEC) after precipitation by ammonium sulfate (0-75%). The results for enzyme purification gave 96% of NK enzyme with a purification fold of 3.6, and the specific activity was 2190.7 U/mg protein. Conclusion: This result suggested P. aeruginosa P49 is a good source of NK production. |
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Manuscript ID 2440 |
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Anticancer Activity of Aqueous and Chloroform Extract of Spirulina platensis against SK-GT-4 human cancer cells |
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Rasha. N. Aljabery, Mohammed A. Auda, Hussain Yousif Al-Rekabi |
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Abstract Background: Algal derived natural products proved very encouraging in cancer therapy, especially in overwhelming the proliferation and metastasis. Against global health issue that cancer represents, and the side-effects that in so many cases are a feature of established treatments, increasing attention falls on alternative treatments. Deploying bioactive agents from the natural world like these aids efforts to look beyond the traditional drug-based approach. Methods: The cytotoxicity of Spirulina platensis extracts was assessed by MTT assay. Target cells were co-incubated for 72 hours with different extract concentrations. The bioactive components present in these extracts were assessed using GC-MS analysis. Results: Chloroform extract and aqueous extract obtained from Spirulina platensis had cytotoxic activity against SK-GT-4; both concentration and cytotoxicity of the extracts increased. The esophageal cancer SK-GT-4 cell line was more sensitive to extracts than in normal HBL100 cell line. An experiment that made use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) discovered that an extract of the plant in its aqueous form had a total of 36 bioactive chemicals, whilst an extract of the plant in its chloroform form included a total of 84 bioactive phytochemical components. Conclusion: The findings of this study make it abundantly evident that Spirulina platensis, despite the fact that it is a natural product, has the potential to be further developed as an anticancer medicine. |
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Manuscript ID 2009 |
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The therapeutic benefit of epicatechin in induced cytokine storm in Mice |
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Zeena T. Tariq, Ahmed R. Abu-Raghif, Ahmed F. Abed Mansoor |
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Abstract Background: Cytokine storm is an unbalanced systemic inflammatory response defined by the release of massive quantities of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that damage tissue and lead to multiple organ failure. Many medicines are being researched as potential modulators of the excessive cytokine release that leads to system malfunction. This study aims to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Epicatechin in Swiss albino male mice suffering from cytokine storm induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Methods: Fifty healthy male Swiss albino mice were used for the animal experiment. The mice were separated into 5 groups, each group containing 10 mice. The study involved various groups, including control (AH), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methylprednisolone (MT) and epicatechin (ET), which received injections of lipopolysaccharide solution for 7 consecutive days, except the AH group. The groups were injected with various treatments. First, a 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution was injected into the DMSO group. 50 mg/kg methylprednisolone solution was injected into the MT group. 25 mg/kg epicatechin solution was injected into the ET group. This experiment was conducted till day 8; on the 8th day, certain cytokine storm-related parameters were studied, which included the serum IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, along with lung tissue pathological changes. Results: The treated groups exhibited that all serum levels under study were significantly decreased, along with improved lung histopathological changes compared to non-treated groups. Conclusion: It is concluded that epicatechin effectively reduces all studied serum levels in mice, thereby reducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine storm and lung injury. |
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Manuscript ID 2357 |
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Role of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in Iraqi thalassemic patients infected with Toxoplasmosis |
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Raghad N. Shihab, Israa Kasim Al-Aubaidi |
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Abstract Background: Toxoplasmosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite infects all types of endothermic animals, including mammals and birds, and is widespread throughout the world. A widespread form of hereditary anemia and the most common cause of hematologic disorders is Thalassemia. Interferon (IFN) is necessary for cellular immune activation against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. This study aims to evaluate the role of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in modulating immunity in thalassemia patients infected with T. gondii. Methods: Blood samples were collected from the period of March-June, 2022, from 165 thalassemia diagnosed individuals and 80 healthy volunteers at Al-Karama Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. The ages of all patients were from 2 to 45 years. Thalassemia was diagnosed by blood tests conducted as per doctor’s prescription. Results: The thalassemic individuals infected with toxoplasmosis showed the highest IgG antibody titers, while the control group with toxoplasmosis ranked second. The thalassemic individuals, with or without toxoplasmosis, also showed significantly higher concentrations of IFN-γ compared to the T. gondii-positive control group and healthy subjects. Conclusion: It is concluded that the highest IFN-γ levels were found in the thalassemic group as compared with other study groups. |
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Manuscript ID 2620 |
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Comparative Evaluation of Salivary LL-37 and TNF-α in Children with and without Dental Caries: A Case-Control Study |
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Sarah Jamal Kareem, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi |
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Abstract Background: A major social, behavioral, and oral health issue is the prevalence of caries in children's teeth and gums at an early age. Caries arises from a bacterial infection due to several factors, including an unhealthy diet. Natural AMPs serve as a frontline defense against a broad variety of infections, while cytokines are biomarkers for a wide variety of disorders and also serve as essential agents in both immunological and inflammatory reactions. Many researchers have studied and reported the effects of LL-37 and TNF-α in Early Childhood Caries (ECC) among children. Methods: Eighty kids between the ages of 4 and 5 took part in the research. 40 of them with caries were considered as the patient’s group, but the other were children without caries of similar age and sex and termed as the control subjects. Clinical caries experience is measured through a dental examination and the DMFS index. From all entrants, samples were gathered. Salivary LL-37 and TNF-α amounts were analyzed by the ELISA. Results: The present investigation demonstrated a substantial rise (P ˂ 0.01) of the average values in LL-37 and TNF-α in caries children compared to children without caries. Moreover, the data indicated a strong positive connection of LL-37 with TNF-α in the caries group. Conclusion: The children with Early Childhood Caries (ECC) were found to have an elevation in LL-37 and TNF-α. Therefore, decay's significance in elevating LL-37 and TNF-α was established. |
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Manuscript ID 2150 |
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Ferroportin Gene Polymorphism, Ferritin, and TIBC Levels Associated with the Severity of COVID-19 among patients: A Sequencing Analysis |
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Ban Adnan Hatem, Ferdous A Jabir |
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Abstract Background: SARS-CoV-2 may also be termed a high-load virus due to its rapid spread in the bloodstream. In vitro studies verify that iron chelators can inhibit the virus, indicating iron's key component in viral replication. What's more, increased apoptosis (ferroptosis) due to intracellular accretion of iron has been discovered in biopsy specimens of COVID-19 patients. Unlike harsh pneumonitis, COVID-19 does not demonstrate a hepcidin-initiated accretion of iron at foci of infection, suggesting a different iron metabolism profile. Methods: This work explored COVID-19 risk and severity according to Ferroportin gene polymorphisms, SNPs rs3811621 and rs10202029. Infected and recovered individuals' samples were utilized for genotypic analysis to observe possible genetic associations. Results: There were no notable associations of SNP rs3811621 and SNP rs10202029 both with susceptibility to COVID-19, and harshness of the disease. Frequencies of genotype between patient and recovery groups did not differ. Ferritin values, however, were significantly different between mild, severe, and recovery cases. Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) was significantly lower in recovery subjects than in moderate or severe disease subjects, a predictable and significant finding. Conclusion: Ferroportin polymorphisms (rs3811621 and rs10202029) do not appear to influence COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. In spite of that, variations in ferritin and TIBC across different patient populations demonstrate their significance as biomarkers in defining iron metabolism during and after infection. |
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Manuscript ID 2153 |
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Role of Absent in Melanoma (AIM2) Inflammasome and Proinflammatory Cytokines (Interleukin-18 and 33) in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Sarah Ibrahim Dhaidan, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi, Raja Hadi Al-Jubouri |
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Abstract Background: A chronic autoimmune illness marked by aberrant immune function is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome (AIM2), is important for the start of the innate immune response. Proinflammatory cytokines are released by the RA's activated inflammasome. Methods: In this case-control study, 52 participants were divided into 2 groups: 22 had recently been diagnosed with RA, while 30 were healthy subjects. The Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS 28) scored each patient candidate for disease activity. Rheumatologists assess disease activity. Patient and control saliva samples were analyzed using “Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)” kits to identify AIM2 inflammasome activity and IL-18 and IL-33. Results: AIM2, IL-18, and IL-33 levels in saliva were considerably higher in the patient group than in the control group. Conclusion: Elevated levels of the AIM2 inflammasome and the cytokines IL-18, and IL-33 may have a role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis and serve as a helpful biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis early detection. |
