Methods: The fatty acids content of C. vulgaris was determined based on previous research. The molecular samples of fatty acids and proteins including CETP, LOX1, ACAT1, and CD36 were obtained from the PubChem and RCSB PDB databases. Drug-likeness and probable activity screening were conducted using the SWISS ADME and PASS Online web servers. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina, which is integrated into the PyRx software.

Results: All fatty acids comply with the Lipinski rule of five. Thirteen fatty acids were predicted to have anti-atherosclerosis activity based on PASS online screening: myristoleic acid, hexadecadienoic acid, linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, heptadecenoic acid, oleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, nonadecenoic acid, gadoleic acid, heneicosanoic acid, brassidic acid, and nervonic acid. Molecular docking simulation results showed that Nervonic acid binds to CETP, LOX1, and ACAT1 in the same site as an inhibitor with the lowest binding affinity value (-5.9, -7, and -7.8 kcal/mol). Hexadecadienoic acid binds to CD36 with the lowest binding affinity value (-4.9 kcal/mol) and binds in the same site with inhibitor.

Conclusion: Therefore, nervonic acid and hexadecadienoic acid have a high potential as a foam cell formation inhibitor. 

Methods:  Herein, testing the novel hypothesis that using natural resources such as garlic (Allium sativum), which is rich in organosulfur nitrogen-containing compounds, might enhance the biosynthesis of methionine. A quantitative analysis of MET6 mRNA was performed using qRT-PCR in all groups for treated S. cerevisiae (WT-BY4742) and met15Δ mutant strains with and without garlic extract.

Results: In this study, according to the two-way ANOVA test, Met6 expression level was up-regulated significantly after 2 hours garlic exposure, and a significant increase in cell growth was observed of both mutant and wild-type strains compared with untreated control.

Conclusion: It is concluded that garlic is a prominent natural source that may stimulate methionine biosynthesis, and this may be due to its organosulfur-containing compounds. Such plant sources could offer new natural approaches for methionine production and also support the prevention of certain diseases. 

Methods: In this study, cucurbitacin compounds were screened against BCL-2 using in silico PyRx tool to find strong natural inhibitors for treating hematological malignancies. ADMET-AI web interface was used to analyze ADMET properties of hit compounds. 

Results: Cucurbitacin O, IIb, K, and H were effective BCL-2 inhibitors, with binding energies ranging from
-8.0 to -8.8 kcal/mol, similar to the control compound (-7.9 kcal/mol). These compounds interacted with key amino acid residues in BCL-2. The radial graphs showed that all four compounds had good ADMET characteristics. The compounds have a high probability of being safe for the blood-brain barrier and pose a low risk of hERG channel blockage. Furthermore, they have higher oral bioavailability and adequate water solubility. Their minimal clinical toxicity profiles indicate their potential safety in therapeutic applications.

Conclusion: Cucurbitacin O, IIb, K, and H can be employed as BCL-2 inhibitors to manage hematological malignancies. However, further experimental studies are needed to validate these compounds as BCL-2 inhibitors. 

Methods: This research used 3 months old male mice weighing 25-35g. A total of 25 mice were used, with 5 mice per each group. The treatments employed included P1 (Sapodilla leaf extract at a dosage of 100 mg/kg BW), P2 (Sapodilla leaf extract at a dosage of 300 mg/kg BW), K+ (Pioglitazone at a dosage of 2 mg/kg BW), K0 (No treatment administered), and K- (Diabetic control). Kidney sample collection was conducted on the 14th day after therapy administration. Histopathological samples were examined using a trinocular microscope. Data analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis method, followed by the Mann-Whitney test.

Results: The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test with the parameter of necrosis indicate a p-value of .001. The degeneration of cells shows a p-value of .001, while congestion shows a p-value of .001 as well. The Mann-Whitney test was conducted on the parameters of necrosis, cell degeneration, and congestion. The results indicated that the P1 treatment group was not significantly different from the P2 and K+ groups for cell degeneration and congestion; however, a significant difference was observed between P1 and K+ for the necrosis parameter.

Conclusion: The study concludes the data analysis revealed that the administration of sapodilla leaf extract can ameliorate kidney damage in diabetic mice induced with alloxan.

Methods: A total of 200 blood samples of female sheep (100 each who gave birth to twins and single sheep respectively) were collected from three sheep farms. DNA was extracted and genotyped for B4GALNT2 (rs410464838). For genotyping of SNPs, a PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used. Data were analyzed by using SPSS and R. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was evaluated for both groups of sheep. Association of litter size with B4GALNT2 genetic variants was tested through chi square test.

Results: The results of the study showed that genotypes at the B4GALNT2 locus were at Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium for twin birth. Association analysis revealed a strong association of the AA genotype with twinning. Animals with this genotype were found to be predisposed to having twins. Furthermore, Bayesian analysis reinforced these findings, demonstrating a robust association between the A allele and an increased likelihood of twin births.

Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study indicate that the B4GALNT gene is a good candidate for selection of litter size in sheep. If incorporated as part of a marker assisted selection program, it can result in a sustained expansion of small ruminants to increase mutton production and uplift the socioeconomic condition of small ruminant farmers. 

Method: Method: Dried rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 70% ethanol for 24 hours, and 18.2% dark brown, paste-like extract was yielded. The extract then was analyzed for bioactives with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was measured with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

Results: GC-MS analysis revealed that the extract contained high concentrations of fatty acids and their derivatives, comprising 86.43% of its contents. Additionally, aldehydes and alkenes (0.02%) and hydrocarbons (13.58%) were detected. Gallic acid (71.25 ppm), hydroxybenzoic acid (49.25 ppm), ferulic acid (50.11 ppm), ellagic acid (20.25 ppm), and caffeic acid (11.58 ppm) phenolic compounds were confirmed in HPLC analysis. Ginger extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity, as same as activity observed with vitamin C, with an IC50 value of 65.11 µg/mL in the DPPH assay.

Conclusion: The current study confirms that the ethanolic extract of ginger possesses a high level of antioxidants, with a potential for numerous therapeutic uses. 

Methods: 200 subjects with microcytic hypochromic anemia with an age range of 18 to 48 years, were recruited from hematological departments of the main hospitals in Gaza Strip. The study subjects were those who underwent premarital β-thalassemia carrier screening, and their results were negative. Iron deficiency was excluded through measurement of serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Complete blood count was done automatically. Molecular detection of (-α)^20.5 and ααα^anti3.7 mutations were performed by Multiplex-PCR.

Results: Sixty-six (33%) of the study participants proved to have α-thalassemia. The frequency of (-α)^20.5 and ααα^anti3.7 mutations were: 13.25% and 5.5%, respectively. Four genotypes were detected: -α^20.5/αα accounted for 26% (52/200), ααα^anti3.7/αα for 2.5% (5/200), ααα^anti3.7/ααα^anti3.7 for 4% (8/200) and ααα^anti3.7/-α^20.5 for 0.5% (1/200). The comparison of hematological parameters between -α^20.5/αα and ααα^anti3.7 mutation carriers (ααα^anti3.7/αα and ααα^anti3.7/ααα^anti3.7) revealed, though not statistically significant, higher levels in carriers of ααα^anti3.7 mutation. The   -α^20.5/ααα^anti3.7 genotype was observed in one case.

Conclusion: The rate of -α^20.5 and ααα^anti3.7 in the Palestinian population is high as compared to neighboring countries. Conducting further molecular testing to detect additional α-thalassemia mutations is needed in order to obtain a clearer picture of the genetic nature of this disease. 

Methods: A total of 820 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from people with clear respiratory symptoms of different age groups, and of both sexes during the period from the 1^st of October 2021 to the 1^st of May 2022. This cross-sectional study included four important districts in the province of Basrah, which are the city center, Abulkhasib, Shatt Al Arab, and Al-Zubair. All samples were subjected to viral RNA extraction and detection by one-step RT-PCR using a pair of universal primers.

Results: According to the results obtained, the total infection rate in the study areas reached 19.5%. There were no differences in infection rates between the sexes. The age groups of the study showed that the youngest group (1-9 years) recorded the highest infection rate (30.6%), while the group with the lowest infection rate was within the 40-49 age group, which was 16%. In addition, October and April showed the lowest number of infections compared to other months, which extended from November to the end of April.

Conclusion: These results give a general picture of seasonal influenza infection rates in our geographical location, as there is an urgent need to update this information, especially during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. 

Methods: During the period from February 2021 to May 2021, a sample of 30 feed and drinking water samples from sheep was collected in a random manner. These samples consisted of 15 feed samples and 15 drinking water samples. The collection was conducted in various agricultural areas situated in different territories within the province of Baghdad.

Results: The HPLC residues study showed that 12 and 7 samples, respectively, had glyphosate residues in sheep feed and drinking water. Of the 15 feed samples analyzed, 12 were positive for glyphosate residues: 5 alfalfa, 4 barley, and 3 clover samples. Alfalfa, barley, and clover had the greatest glyphosate residues (140.5–145.5, 120.7–139.5, and 119.5–128.2 ppm), respectively. HPLC analysis showed that all forage samples—alfalfa, barley, and clover—exceeded the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) (0.05, 20, and 0.05), violating the EFSA's 2019 recommendation for glyphosate (ppm) in sheep feed. Alfalfa showed the most significant violation, with residue levels over 2,800-fold the Maximum Residue Level (MRL), followed by clover (over 2,400-fold) and barley (6.5-fold). Sheep's Water (Barn, Field, and Drained) samples (5 of each) were positive for glyphosate residues (2, 3, and 2), with the highest ranges in Field (104.1–106.3), Barn (83.7–85.5), and Drained (0.3–0.5). HPLC analysis showed that all water samples except Drained water (Barn and Field) above the Maximum Contamination Level (MCL) (0.7), violated the EPA's glyphosate (ppm) recommendation. HPLC analysis showed that glyphosate levels in Barn and Field water were dramatically above the MCL, exceeding the EPA's recommendation by over 120-fold and 150-fold, respectively.

Conclusion: The utilization of glyphosate has exhibited a progressive rise over the course of time, thereby eliciting apprehensions regarding the potential toxicity of this herbicide as well as its plausible impact on human health. Glyphosate residues have the potential to be transmitted to humans or animals via water, feed, and food that has been contaminated. 

Methods: The tracking of turtles was conducted using SPOT-5 back-mount tags supplied by Wildlife Computers, a company based in Seattle, USA. These tags establish communication with the Argos satellite system (http://www.argos-system.org) anytime they rise above the water, and a satellite is within their reach. To preserve battery life and prolong the period of tracking, the tags were set to restrict the number of broadcasts to 250 per day, which were scheduled exclusively during daylight hours (06:00–18:00). The SPOT-5 tags not only communicated location data for the Argos system but also provided temperature information. The investigation was conducted from June 16 to July 31, 2022, along the shoreline near Deira Island, Palm Island, and Dubai World Island. Moza was initially released from Palm Island on June 16, 2022.

Results: The satellite tracking revealed that Moza was located at Dubai World Islands on June 18, 2022, and by June 19, 2022, she had moved to Deira Islands, where she remained for the rest of the study period. Over a tracking period of 45 days (1077.86 hours), Moza traveled a total of 86.3 kilometers in a southwesterly direction from the starting point.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that Moza ceased long-distance movement and remained in the Deira Islands area, likely due to the presence of a suitable habitat. However, ongoing tracking studies with other rehabilitated turtles may provide further insights into habitat preferences and movement patterns. 

Methods: Compounds from the PubChem database were screened using molecular docking. Lead candidates were then evaluated for drug-likeness and ADMET properties, and the stability of the top compound-protein complex was analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations.

Results: The current study highlights the therapeutic potential of novel compounds designed to inhibit Survivin in cancer therapy. This probability is illuminated through the use of innovative techniques such as computer-generated (virtual) screening and molecular docking. The lead compounds have also been filtered for their drug-likeness and ADMET potential.

Conclusion: The stability of the designated compounds has been investigated in-depth through MD simulations. The results from this study suggest that the compound CID:155104111 (1-[2-(difluoromethoxy)ethyl]-2-methyl-3-(pyrazin-2-ylmethyl)benzo[f]benzimidazol-3-ium-4,9-dione) is a potential lead candidate for targeting the Survivin protein, showing promise when compared to the standard inhibitor, YM155. 

Methods: The antibacterial activity of clove ethanolic extract was assessed against pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, Salmonella typhi (Sal. typhi), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and larvae of Aedes aegypti  mosquito. The phytochemical analysis, GC- MS were conducted identifying the chemical composition of clove pods.

Results: According to the findings, cloves contain a large number of phytochemicals, each of which has a variety of medicinal applications. In addition, the findings of the GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of twenty-one chemical compounds, the compound eugenol being the most prevalent among them, with a percentage of 58.86%. The absence of nitrogenous and chlorinated compounds emphasizes the organic nature.

Conclusion: Clove pods have many chemical constituents which possess antimicrobial, larvicidal, properties, adding weight to the idea that clove pods could be a rich source of natural therapeutic ingredients. 

Methods: During the growing seasons 2021-2022, a survey was conducted in different regions of Saudi Arabia. A total of 319 plant samples were collected showing virus-like symptoms (mottling, mosaic, chlorosis, leaf distortion, dwarfing, stunted growth, and necrotic lesions of leaves and fruits). These samples were tested against the important pepper viruses using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) kits.

Results: According to ELISA results, two hundred and forty samples were infected with at least one of the tested viruses with a percentage of 75.23%. Infection rates varied significantly by region, with the highest prevalence observed in Al-Baha (95%) and Dammam, Al-Jawf, Taif, and Jazan (100%). A total of twenty-one viruses were detected, with PMMoV, ChiVMV, and PepMoV being the most widespread.

Conclusion: This study reports the first detection of twenty-two viruses in pepper in Saudi Arabia. Notably, three of these viruses (APLV, PLRV, and PVV) are reported for the first time infecting pepper worldwide. 

Methods: The goal of this study was to find new BACE1 inhibitors by screening natural compounds in the ZINC database against the BACE1 active site. The compounds were screened against BACE1 using the PyRx 0.8 program. The SwissADME web server was used to determine the ADMET properties of hit compounds.

Results: The hit compounds ZINC3875408, ZINC4098603, ZINC95561079, ZINC299817515, and ZINC67903362 exhibited higher binding affinities to BACE1 than the control compound AZD3293. The Asp32, Lys224, Tyr198, Thr329, Ile226, Val332, Arg128, Tyr71, Phe108, Lys107, Gly74, Gly13, Gly11, Gln12, Ile110, Trp115, Leu30, and Gly230 were the important binding residues of BACE1 protein with these compounds as well as the control compound. These compounds also have good drug-like qualities.

Conclusion: The compounds ZINC3875408, ZINC4098603, ZINC95561079, ZINC299817515, and ZINC67903362 can be used as BACE1 inhibitors to manage AD. However, experimental validation is needed to optimize these compounds as BACE1 inhibitors. 

Methods: This study involves virtual screening (docking) of ZINC database natural compounds (N = 200) against MAO-B, followed by ADME and drug-likeness analysis of the top hits.

Results: ZINC899884, ZINC4098705, ZINC14764165, and ZINC18847036 compounds exhibited strong binding to MAO-B and interacted with key MAO-B residues. The Cys172, Ile198, Phe168, Ile199, Leu171, Gln206, Gly58, Tyr326, Leu328, Phe343, Tyr398, Ser59, Tyr60, Gly434, and Tyr435 residues of MAO-B were important in binding with these compounds. In addition, these compounds, like the control Rasagiline, interact with MAO-B via several common residues. Furthermore, ADME and drug-like prediction resulted in promising results, indicating that these compounds have a high gastrointestinal absorption property.

Conclusion: ZINC899884, ZINC4098705, ZINC14764165, and ZINC18847036 can be used as MAO-B inhibitors for PD. However, experimental validation is required to optimize them as MAO-B inhibitors. 

Methods: The data of this cross-sectional investigation was collected employing an online survey questionnaire through Google Forms. The questionnaire comprised questions related to demography and KAP of the general population of NBRSA and AJRSA about HZ and HZ vaccination. The data was collected and the significance of the results was analyzed by utilizing SPSS version 21 software (p < 0.05 = significant result).

Results: The study comprised 483 participants from the NBRSA (50.72%) and AJRSA (49.27%). Most of the participants were from 40-45 (69.56%) years of age; females (60.86%); Saudi nationals (94.20%); university graduates (52.17%); belonged to the non-health sector (59.42%); and were not suffering from any chronic disease (78.26%). A majority of the participants (> 50%) had poor awareness about HZ and HZ vaccine. An appreciable number of participants (68.11%) were eager to learn more about HZ. The main source of information for HZ was the internet (46.37%) for most of the individuals.

Conclusion: There is a considerable information gap as well as a low HZ vaccination rate among the people of NBRSA and AJRSA warranting initiating educational and awareness programs in these regions. 

Methods: Using hot mineral water from Rupite, Bulgaria, we conducted experiments involving corona electric discharge (1–30 kHz, 12 kV) to simulate prebiotic conditions. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was employed to analyze the water's inorganic and organic composition. Additionally, we assessed the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and measured changes in physicochemical parameters under controlled conditions.

Results: The protostructure was created in laboratory conditions in hot mineral water under corona electric discharge. Self-organization estimation using Prigogine’s principle marks an early stage of biochemical evolution, emphasizing the role of the primordial atmosphere and hydrosphere in life's origin. The structure density was 45.6% of that of living cells. We quantitatively estimated the results of Miller’s and Wilson’s experiments. The biochemical reactions were described with the compounds as methane, ammonia, etc.

Conclusion: The findings support the hypothesis that hot mineral water in the primary hydrosphere, enriched with ions, exposed to electric discharge in the primary atmosphere, and with contact medium with the hydrosphere, providing optimal conditions for synthesizing organic compounds and forming protostructures. These results reinforce the concept of geothermal systems of life and highlight the significance of mineral water’s physicochemical properties in fostering prebiotic chemistry. 

Methods: The quality of the genomic sequences of Larkinella and Tellurirhabdus was assessed after they were downloaded from NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and average amino acid identity (AAI) data was used for evaluating their genomic relatedness.

Results: The AAI values between Larkinella and Tellurirhabdus were above the threshold value of genus delineation (>60–65 %) indicating that they are members of the same genus. The ANI values among Larkinella and Tellurirhabdus species were below 95-96% indicating they were different species.

Conclusion: We propose transferring Tellurirhabdus bombi to the genus Larkinella as Larkinella bombi comb. nov. and Tellurirhabdus rosea to the genus Larkinella as Larkinella roseola nom. nov. based on our research findings. 

Methods: We examined the clinical results retrospectively and collected the data of the laboratory parameters from 65 patients suffering from glomerulonephritis treated with either Truxima or MabThera, for disease induction and maintenance of remission, at the King Abdulaziz Medical Centre, Al-Riyadh between 2019 and 2023.

Result: The present study shows no significant difference in rates of remission and relapse between patients receiving Truxima or MabThera treatment.  There were no significant differences in the patients’ complete renal recovery at 6 months between the two groups, P = .692. Additionally, no remarkable differences between both medications in the patients' time to relapse. A comparison of mean clinical data for serum creatinine, cholesterol and blood indices at baseline, 6 months and 12 months of the patients in Truxima® and MabThera® groups revealed that patients who received MabThera^® had a significantly higher WBC count at 6^th month, P = .030 only.

Conclusion: The current study shows that (Truxima) is just as safe and effective as its original product, (MabThera). Therefore, Truxima is a more affordable and safer alternative that potentially increases rituximab accessibility to patients. 

Methods: 52 patients who were admitted to Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Fallujah Teaching Hospital, and other nearby private hospitals between 2021/7/8 and 2023/8/21 are the subject of this article. Cysts from various organs in patients of both sexes and of varied ages were removed, some of which included the cysts of echinococcosis infected persons.

Results: According to our research, the liver was the organ that had hydatid cyst infections most commonly, with a damage frequency of 46.2%. According to the statistics, the prevalence of infection in the other organs, which were listed after the liver, was 25.0% (spleen, bone, and bile duct) and 23.1% cases were of lung infection. It was found that the likelihood of liver and lung injuries happening concurrently was the lowest (5.8%) of all the infections.

Conclusion: The study shows hydatid disease primarily affects the liver and lungs, with females and the 20–40 age group being the most impacted. Infection rates increased from 2021 to 2023. Surgery remains the main treatment, though medical therapies have varied success, especially for lung cases. Gender, age, and cyst location significantly influence disease outcomes. 

Methods: The study involved 60 patients divided into two groups: those with and those without oral cancer. The blood was drawn and examined for HSV-1 Immunoglobulin G levels using the Herpe Select-1 ELISA kit. A sandwich ELISA was also employed to study IL-6 levels.

Result: HSV-1 incidence in these oral squamous cell carcinoma grade groups increased significantly. This research found that the OSCC group had somewhat greater IL-6 levels than the control groups.

Conclusion: HSV-1 is not carcinogenic in its own right; however, it is linked to an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, the present study discovered that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was present in greater quantities in patients' blood than in controls. Interleukin-6 was identified as a potentially hazardous factor in the development of oral cancer and has the potential to function as a valuable biomarker for the assessment of OSCC severity. 

Methods: The isocitrate lyase enzyme was purified from corn plants using ion exchange chromatography and sulfate precipitation techniques. Enzyme activity was assessed using spectrophotometric methods, and the molecular weight was determined through gel chromatography. Studies were conducted to investigate the influence of pH, glycine, and glycolate on enzyme activity.

Results: Two isoforms of isocitrate lyase, ICL1 and ICL2, were purified, exhibiting molecular masses of 164 kDa and 208 kDa, respectively. ICL1 demonstrated optimum activity at pH 7.5, while ICL2 exhibited optimum activity at pH 6. In this study, specific concentrations of glycine and glycolate were found to enhance the enzymatic activities of both isoforms.

Conclusion: This research provides significant insights into the characteristics of the isocitrate lyase enzyme in corn plants. The data indicate the presence of distinct enzyme forms with specific interactions in varying environmental conditions, which may be applicable in agricultural practices to increase crop yield and improve the metabolic turnover of organic acids. 

Methods: Water samples were collected from contaminated sites and cultured in both nutrient agar and LB media. After incubation, 30 bacterial isolates were screened for tolerance to cadmium, lead, zinc, and chromium (50–300 mM), as well as resistance to commonly used antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, cefixime, and kanamycin). The most tolerant strains, designated LRB1, LRB2, and LRB3, were further analyzed for acid and temperature resistance. Morphological and molecular characterization included Gram staining, microscopic analysis, plasmid isolation and genomic DNA extraction.

Results: Isolates LRB1, LRB2, and LRB3 demonstrated high lead tolerance of 270 mM, 300 mM, and 270 mM, respectively. All three strains exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics like ampicillin (10μg), amoxicillin (30μg), azithromycin (15μg), cefixime (5μg) and kanamycin (30μg), and LRB3 showed growth across a broad pH range (2–8). Plasmid DNA was successfully isolated, indicating potential plasmid-mediated resistance. Gram staining revealed that the isolates were Gram-positive bacilli and cocci. Furthermore, genomic DNA extraction and 16S rDNA PCR with universal primers were used for detection and identification of the bacterial isolates.

Conclusion: The isolated bacterial strains demonstrated remarkable tolerance to heavy metals, acids, and antibiotics, suggesting their potential role in the bioremediation of contaminated environments. Further molecular studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their resistance and to evaluate their suitability for biotechnological applications.